Climate Modeling and Analysis: Difference between revisions
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''This page is about the intersection of climate science and machine learning. For an overview of climate science as a whole, please see the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatology Wikipedia page] on this topic. For an overview of physics-driven climate models, please see the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_model Wikipedia page] or this [https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-how-do-climate-models-work Carbon Brief Q&A].''[[File:Clim prediction.png|thumb|
Climate models are physics-driven numerical models that consist of different components of the climate system (e.g., atmosphere, land, ocean, sea-ice, etc.) that are connected by different feedbacks and exchange of carbon, water and energy. Climate models can be of different complexity, ranging from simple zero or one-dimensional energy balance models to fully coupled comprehensive Earth system models or General Circulation Models<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ipcc-data.org/guidelines/pages/gcm_guide.html|title=What is a GCM?|website=www.ipcc-data.org|access-date=2021-03-16}}</ref> (ESMs or GCMs, respectively). These models are able to simulate historical climate changes<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-how-well-have-climate-models-projected-global-warming|title=Analysis: How well have climate models projected global warming?|date=2017-10-05|website=Carbon Brief|language=en|access-date=2021-01-25}}</ref> and are used in assessment reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/|title=Global warming of 1.5C. An IPCC special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty|author=IPCC|coauthors=|date=|first=|publisher=|year=2018|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg3/|author=IPCC|title=IPCC. Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|date=2014|first=|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg3/|title=Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|author=IPCC|date=2014|first=|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> that provide policy-relevant information regarding the current state of the climate system and [[future climate projections]] under different [[emission scenarios]]. Climate models also help with asessing climate risks (see [[Policy, Markets, and Decision Science]] and [[Climate Change Adaptation]]).
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