Climate Modeling and Analysis: Difference between revisions

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''This page is about the intersection of climate science and machine learning in the context of climate change adaptation. For an overview of climate science as a whole, please see the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatology Wikipedia page] on this topic.''[[File:Clim prediction.png|thumb|The main avenues through which machine learning can support climate science, as described in "Tackling Climate Change with Machine Learning." <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Rolnick|first=David|last2=Donti|first2=Priya L.|last3=Kaack|first3=Lynn H.|last4=Kochanski|first4=Kelly|last5=Lacoste|first5=Alexandre|last6=Sankaran|first6=Kris|last7=Ross|first7=Andrew Slavin|last8=Milojevic-Dupont|first8=Nikola|last9=Jaques|first9=Natasha|last10=Waldman-Brown|first10=Anna|last11=Luccioni|first11=Alexandra|date=2019-11-05|title=Tackling Climate Change with Machine Learning|url=http://arxiv.org/abs/1906.05433|journal=arXiv:1906.05433 [cs, stat]}}</ref>]]
''This page is about the intersection of climate science and machine learning in the context of climate change adaptation. For an overview of climate science as a whole, please see the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatology Wikipedia page] on this topic.''[[File:Clim prediction.png|thumb|The main avenues through which machine learning can support climate science, as described in "Tackling Climate Change with Machine Learning." <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Rolnick|first=David|last2=Donti|first2=Priya L.|last3=Kaack|first3=Lynn H.|last4=Kochanski|first4=Kelly|last5=Lacoste|first5=Alexandre|last6=Sankaran|first6=Kris|last7=Ross|first7=Andrew Slavin|last8=Milojevic-Dupont|first8=Nikola|last9=Jaques|first9=Natasha|last10=Waldman-Brown|first10=Anna|last11=Luccioni|first11=Alexandra|date=2019-11-05|title=Tackling Climate Change with Machine Learning|url=http://arxiv.org/abs/1906.05433|journal=arXiv:1906.05433 [cs, stat]}}</ref>]]
As described in "Tackling Climate Change with Machine Learning,"<ref name=":0" /><blockquote>The first global warming prediction was made in 1896, when Arrhenius estimated that burning fossil fuels could eventually release enough CO2 to warm the Earth by 5°C. The fundamental physics underlying those calculations has not changed, but our predictions have become far more detailed and precise. The predominant predictive tools are climate models, known as General Circulation Models (GCMs) or Earth System Models (ESMs). These models inform local and national government decisions<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/|title=Global warming of 1.5C. An IPCC special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5C above
As described in "Tackling Climate Change with Machine Learning,"<ref name=":0" /><blockquote>The first global warming prediction was made in 1896, when Arrhenius estimated that burning fossil fuels could eventually release enough CO2 to warm the Earth by 5°C. The fundamental physics underlying those calculations has not changed, but our predictions have become far more detailed and precise. The predominant predictive tools are climate models, known as General Circulation Models (GCMs) or Earth System Models (ESMs). These models inform local and national government decisions<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/|title=Global warming of 1.5C. An IPCC special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty|author=IPCC|coauthors=|date=|first=|publisher=|year=2018|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg3/|author=IPCC|title=IPCC. Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|date=2014|first=|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg3/|title=Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|author=IPCC|date=2014|first=|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref>), help people calculate their climate risks (see [[Policy, Markets, and Decision Science]] and [[Climate Change Adaptation]]) and allow us to estimate the potential impacts of [[Solar Geoengineering|solar geoengineering]].
pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the
global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty|author=IPCC|coauthors=|date=October 2018.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg3/|author=IPCC|title=IPCC. Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth
Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|date=2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg3/|title=Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth
Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|author=IPCC|date=2014}}</ref>), help people calculate their climate risks (see [[Policy, Markets, and Decision Science]] and [[Climate Change Adaptation]]) and allow us to estimate the potential impacts of [[Solar Geoengineering|solar geoengineering]].


Recent trends have created opportunities for ML to advance the state-of-the-art in climate prediction. First, new and cheaper satellites are creating petabytes of climate observation data<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://earth.esa.int/eogateway/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=earthdata.nasa.gov}}</ref>. Second, massive climate modeling projects are generating petabytes of simulated climate data<ref>{{Cite web|url=cmip.llnl.gov}}</ref>. Third, climate forecasts are computationally expensive<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Position paper on high performance computing needs in Earth system prediction|last=Carman|first=T|coauthors=T Clune, F Giraldo, M Govett, B Gross, A Kamrathe, T Lee, D McCarren, J Michalakes, S Sandgathe,
Recent trends have created opportunities for ML to advance the state-of-the-art in climate prediction. First, new and cheaper satellites are creating petabytes of climate observation data<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://earth.esa.int/eogateway/|title=Earth Observation Gateway|date=|access-date=|website=|last=|first=|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://earthdata.nasa.gov|title=NASA EarthData|date=|access-date=|website=|last=|first=|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=live}}</ref>. Second, massive climate modeling projects are generating petabytes of simulated climate data<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pcmdi.llnl.gov/CMIP6/|title=Coupled Model Intercomparison Project|date=|access-date=|website=|last=|first=|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=live}}</ref>. Third, climate forecasts are computationally expensive<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Position paper on high performance computing needs in Earth system prediction|last=Carman|first=T|coauthors=|url=https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/14319|year=2017|date=|journal=NOAA Institutional Repository|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref> (some simulations have taken three weeks to run on NCAR supercomputers<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Community Earth System Model (CESM) Large Ensemble project|year=2015|url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/bams/article/96/8/1333/69450}}</ref>), while ML methods are becoming increasingly fast to train and run, especially on next-generation computing hardware. As a result, climate scientists have recently begun to explore ML techniques, and are starting to team up with computer scientists to build new and exciting applications.</blockquote>
and T Whitcomb|url=https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/14319|year=2017}}</ref> (some simulations have taken three weeks to run on NCAR supercomputers<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Community Earth System Model (CESM) Large Ensemble project|year=2015|url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/bams/article/96/8/1333/69450}}</ref>), while ML methods are becoming increasingly fast to train and run, especially on next-generation computing hardware. As a result, climate scientists have recently begun to explore ML techniques, and are starting to team up with computer scientists to build new and exciting applications.</blockquote>


== Machine Learning Application Areas ==
== Machine Learning Application Areas ==
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The Earth and climate science community is also working to create benchmark datasets: https://is-geo.org/benchmarks/.
The Earth and climate science community is also working to create benchmark datasets: https://is-geo.org/benchmarks/.
== References ==
== References ==
<references />

Revision as of 22:15, 14 October 2020

This page is about the intersection of climate science and machine learning in the context of climate change adaptation. For an overview of climate science as a whole, please see the Wikipedia page on this topic.

The main avenues through which machine learning can support climate science, as described in "Tackling Climate Change with Machine Learning." [1]

As described in "Tackling Climate Change with Machine Learning,"[1]

The first global warming prediction was made in 1896, when Arrhenius estimated that burning fossil fuels could eventually release enough CO2 to warm the Earth by 5°C. The fundamental physics underlying those calculations has not changed, but our predictions have become far more detailed and precise. The predominant predictive tools are climate models, known as General Circulation Models (GCMs) or Earth System Models (ESMs). These models inform local and national government decisions[2][3][4]), help people calculate their climate risks (see Policy, Markets, and Decision Science and Climate Change Adaptation) and allow us to estimate the potential impacts of solar geoengineering. Recent trends have created opportunities for ML to advance the state-of-the-art in climate prediction. First, new and cheaper satellites are creating petabytes of climate observation data[5][6]. Second, massive climate modeling projects are generating petabytes of simulated climate data[7]. Third, climate forecasts are computationally expensive[8] (some simulations have taken three weeks to run on NCAR supercomputers[9]), while ML methods are becoming increasingly fast to train and run, especially on next-generation computing hardware. As a result, climate scientists have recently begun to explore ML techniques, and are starting to team up with computer scientists to build new and exciting applications.

Machine Learning Application Areas

Uniting data, ML, and climate science

  • Data for climate models
  • Accelerating climate models
  • Working with climate models

Forecasting extreme events

  • Storm tracking
  • Local forecasts

Background Readings

Textbooks

  • Introduction to climate dynamics and climate modeling (2010)[10]: A technical treatment of the climate system, energy balance, climate modeling, and climate perturbations. Available here.

Other

  • An Introduction to Climate Modeling (2014)[11]: A video lesson from Climate Literacy's Youtube channel. Available here.

Online Courses and Course Materials

Community

Major conferences

  • AGU Fall Meeting: A yearly conference organized by the American Geophysical Union. Website here.

Major journals

Climate science is a journal field. Noteworthy research appears in journals such as

  • Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society: A journal published by the AMS. Available here.
  • Geophysical Research Letters: The journal of the American Geophysical Union. Available here.
  • Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences: A wide-reaching journal often featuring climate science. Available here.

Major societies and organizations

  • American Geophysical Union: An organization supporting work across the geophysical sciences. Website here.
  • Climate Informatics: An organization dedicated to computing in climate science. Website here.

Libraries and Tools

Pangeo: An open source python package for geoscience applications, available here.

Data

The largest climate prediction datasets are ensembles of many climate simulations. These include simulations with varied physics, architectures, or initial conditions, and they are used to explore the range of possible climate futures. The largest ensembles include:

  • The Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP): A gateway to climate models in use and development, available here. CMIP is associated with the Earth System Grid Federation, which also provides data analysis tools and tutorials: https://esgf.llnl.gov/
  • The CESM Large Ensemble: Read about it in The Community Earth System Model (CESM) Large Ensemble Project. Available here.
  • Google Cloud Weather and Climate Datasets: Petabyte-scale weather and climate datasets from sources like NOAA’s NEXRAD and NASA/USGS’s Landsat, made available for free as part of Google Cloud’s Public Datasets Program. Available here.
  • EARTHDATA: NASA's gateway to earth science data. Data are available at multiple levels of processing. Available here.

N.B. Climate model data is typically presented in netcdf4 format. These may be smoothly converted to csv files or pandas dataframes, but be aware that the data lies on irregular 3D spherical grids.

The Earth and climate science community is also working to create benchmark datasets: https://is-geo.org/benchmarks/.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Rolnick, David; Donti, Priya L.; Kaack, Lynn H.; Kochanski, Kelly; Lacoste, Alexandre; Sankaran, Kris; Ross, Andrew Slavin; Milojevic-Dupont, Nikola; Jaques, Natasha; Waldman-Brown, Anna; Luccioni, Alexandra (2019-11-05). "Tackling Climate Change with Machine Learning". arXiv:1906.05433 [cs, stat].
  2. ↑ IPCC (2018). Global warming of 1.5C. An IPCC special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty.
  3. ↑ IPCC (2014). IPCC. Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
  4. ↑ IPCC (2014). Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
  5. ↑ "Earth Observation Gateway".
  6. ↑ "NASA EarthData".
  7. ↑ "Coupled Model Intercomparison Project".
  8. ↑ Carman, T (2017). "Position paper on high performance computing needs in Earth system prediction". NOAA Institutional Repository.
  9. ↑ "The Community Earth System Model (CESM) Large Ensemble project". 2015. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  10. ↑ Goosse, Hugues (2015). Climate system dynamics and modeling. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-08389-9.
  11. ↑ "5.1 Introduction to Climate Modeling - YouTube". www.youtube.com. Retrieved 2020-09-24.
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