Template:Cite web

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This Citation Style 1 template is used to create citations for web sources that are not characterized by another CS1 template.

Usage

Copy a blank version to use. All parameter names must be in lowercase. Use the "|" (pipe) character between each parameter. Delete unused parameters to avoid clutter in the edit window. Some samples may include the current date. If the date is not current, then Template:Purge the page.

Most commonly used parameters in horizontal format

For references with author credit {{cite web |url= |title= |last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}} For references without author credit {{cite web |url= |title= |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website= |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}} Most commonly used parameters in vertical format {{cite web |url= |title= |last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}} Full parameter set in horizontal format {{cite web |url= |url-access= |title= |last= |first= |author= |author-link= |last2= |first2= |author2= |author-link2= |date= |year= |orig-year= |editor-last= |editor-first= |editor= |editor-link= |editor2-last= |editor2-first= |editor2-link= |editors= |department= |website= |series= |publisher= |agency= |location= |page= |pages= |at= |language= |script-title= |trans-title= |type= |format= |arxiv= |asin= |bibcode= |doi= |doi-broken-date= |isbn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |osti= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |access-date= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |via= |quote= |ref= |postscript= }} Full parameter set in vertical format Vertical list Prerequisites Brief instructions / notes {{cite web |url= |url-access= |title= |last= |first= |author-link= |last2= |first2= |author-link2= |date= |year= |orig-year= |editor-last= |editor-first= |editor-link= |editor2-last= |editor2-first= |editor2-link= |department= |website= |series= |publisher= |agency= |location= |page= |pages= |at= |language= |script-title= |trans-title= |type= |format= |arxiv= |asin= |bibcode= |doi= |doi-broken-date= |isbn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |osti= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |access-date= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |via= |quote= |ref= |postscript=}}           last   last last2           editor-last   editor-last editor2-last                                                                       url  url  url, archive-date archive-url               required   required                                                                                                                       If a field name is listed in the Prerequisites column, it is a prerequisite for the field to the left. Choosing between Template:cite web and Template:cite news Before 2014, editors had to decide whether to use Template:Tl or Template:Tl based on their features. In 2014, Template:Em the differences between the two templates were eliminated. As of Template:Diff, Template:Tlf and Template:Tlf have the following differences: Template:Tlf can be used for offline (paper) sources whereas Template:Tlf generates a missing URL error when no URL is provided Template:Tlf accepts Template:Para and Template:Para parameters while Template:Tlf does not (See Template:Slink; see also Template:Tl.) But given the same set of valid parameters, their output is exactly the same: cite web: Silverman, Dwight (July 15, 2011). "Microsoft envisions a universal OS, but it might not be called Windows". Houston Chronicle. Hearst Corporation. Retrieved May 26, 2015. cite news: Examples Using "format=" When this template detects a link whose URL includes an extension of ".pdf" or ".PDF", typical of PDF files, it automatically displays a PDF icon after the link (regardless of whether the link goes to a PDF file or to an HTML landing page, typical of paysites). It also internally acts as if Template:Para had been specified, which displays " (PDF)" after the icon. (In this case, an explicit Template:Para parameter would be redundant, so it is not recommended to add it. Users may remove it. Citation bot, when invoked, will remove it. (ref)) If the link is to a PDF file that is not automatically recognizable by its extension, this template does not display the PDF icon. You may add the parameter Template:Para, which displays " (PDF)" after the link. For links to files in other formats, no icon is displayed. For example, for an .odt file, you may add the parameter Template:Para, which displays " (ODT)" after the link. Foreign language and translated title Using author-link Multiple authors No author No author, no publisher Using "archive-url" and "archive-date" (and optionally "url-status") for webpages that have been archived By default, if "archive-url" is used, Template:Para and the main link is to the archive: With Template:Para, the main link is to the original: With Template:Para or usurped, the original is not linked at all: Using quote Parameters Syntax Nested parameters rely on their parent parameters: parent OR: parent2—may be used instead of parent child—may be used with parent (and is ignored if parent is not used) OR: child2—may be used instead of child (and is ignored if parent2 is not used) Where aliases are listed, only one of the parameters may be defined; if multiple aliased parameters are defined, then only one will show. By default, sets of fields are terminated with a period (.). COinS This template embeds COinS metadata in the HTML output, allowing reference management software to retrieve bibliographic metadata. Template:Hatnote inline As a general rule, only one data item per parameter. Do not include explanatory or alternate text: use Template:Xt not Template:Para Use of templates within the citation template is discouraged because many of these templates will add extraneous HTML or CSS that will be included raw in the metadata. Also, HTML entities, for example &nbsp;, &ndash;, etc, should not be used in parameters that contribute to the metadata. Do not include Wiki markup '' (italic font) or ''' (bold font) because these markup characters will contaminate the metadata. COinS metadata is created for these parameters Note: This table of metadata is displayed for all Citation Style 1 templates. Not all of these parameters are supported by every CS1 template. Some of these parameters are mutually exclusive, some are aliases of another parameter, and some require other parameters to be present. Please refer to each template's documentation for a full list of supported parameters, their aliases, and their dependencies. Template:Para, Template:Para, Template:Para, Template:Para, Template:Para, Template:Para, Template:Para, Template:Para, Template:Para Template:Para, Template:Para, Template:Para, Template:Para, Template:Para Template:Para Template:Para, Template:Para, Template:Para, Template:Para Template:Para, Template:Para, Template:Para, Template:Para Template:Para, Template:Para Template:Para, Template:Para, Template:Para Template:Para, Template:Para, Template:Para Template:Para Template:Para, Template:Para, Template:Para Template:Para, Template:Para, Template:Para, Template:Para, Template:Para, Template:Para, Template:Para Template:Para, Template:Para, Template:Para, Template:Para, Template:Para Template:Para, Template:Para, Template:Para, Template:Para any of the named identifiers: Template:Para, Template:Para, Template:Para, Template:Para, etc. What's new What's new or changed recently Parameter New or changed param Template:Para New. Name of the Template:Para in its original script (Chinese, Cyrillic, Devanagari, etc.) if not a Latin script. Template:Para New. Name of the Template:Para in English, if the original is in another language. Template:Para New. Replaces dead-url; list of values has changed. Interacts with archive-url. See url-status. Deprecated {{#lst:Help:CS1 errors|deprecated_params_table}} Description Authors last: Surname of a single author. Do not wikilink—use author-link instead. For corporate authors or authors for whom only one name is listed by the source, use last or one of its aliases (e.g. Template:Para). Aliases: surname, author, last1, surname1, author1. author: this parameter is used to hold the complete name of a single author (first and last) or to hold the name of a corporate author. This parameter should never hold the names of more than one author. Do not wikilink—use author-link instead. first: Given or first names of author; for example: Firstname Middlename or Firstname M. or Firstname M., Sr. Do not wikilink—use author-link instead. Aliases: given, first1, given1. Requires last; first name will not display if last is empty. OR: for multiple authors, use last1, first1 through lastn, firstn, where n is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of authors (each firstn requires a corresponding lastn, but not the other way around). Template:Hatnote inline Aliases: surname1, given1 through surnamen, givenn, or author1 through authorn. For an individual author plus an institutional author, you can use Template:ParaTemplate:ParaTemplate:Para. author-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author—not the author's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: author-link1, authorlink, authorlink1, author1-link, author1link. OR: for multiple authors, use author-link1 through author-linkn. Aliases: authorlink1 through authorlinkn, or author1-link through authorn-link, or author1link through authornlink. name-list-format: displays authors and editors in Vancouver style when set to vanc and when the list uses last/first parameters for the name list(s). vauthors: comma-separated list of author names in Vancouver style; enclose corporate or institutional author names in doubled parentheses: Template:Para author-link and author-mask may be used for the individual names in Template:Para as described above authors: Free-form list of author names; use of this parameter is discouraged because it does not contribute to a citation's metadata; not an alias of last. translator-last: Surname of translator. Do not wikilink—use translator-link instead. Aliases: translator-surname, translator1, translator1-last, translator-last1. translator-first: Given or first names of translator. Do not wikilink—use translator-link instead. Aliases: translator-given, translator1-first, translator-first1. OR: for multiple translators, use translator-last1, translator-first1 through translator-lastn, translator-firstn, where n is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of translators (each translator-firstn requires a corresponding translator-lastn, but not the other way around). Aliases: translator1-last, translator1-first through translatorn-last, translatorn-first, or translator1 through translatorn. translator-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the translator—not the translator's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: translator-link1, translator1-link. OR: for multiple translators, use translator-link1 through translator-linkn. Aliases: translator1-link through translatorn-link. collaboration: Name of a group of authors or collaborators; requires author, last, or vauthors listing one or more primary authors; follows author name-list; appends "et al." to author name-list. others: To record other contributors to the work, including illustrators. For the parameter value, write Illustrated by John Smith. Note: When using Template:Sfnote or Template:Paren styles with templates, do not use multiple names in one field, or else the anchor will not match the inline link. Title title: Title of source page on website. Displays in quotes. If script-title is defined, title holds a Romanization of title in script-title. script-title: Original title for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc); follows Romanization defined in title. May be prefixed with an ISO 639-1 two-character code to help browsers properly display the script: ... |title=Tōkyō tawā |script-title=ja:東京タワー |trans-title=Tokyo Tower ... trans-title: English translation of the title if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after title; trans-title is included in the link. Use of the language parameter is recommended. Titles containing certain characters will display and link incorrectly unless those characters are encoded. newline [ ] | space &#91; &#93; &#124; {{bracket|text}} {{pipe}} – Template:Hatnote inline This parameter is required and will generate an error if not defined. On errors, main, help and template pages are placed into Category:Articles with incorrect citation syntax. Set Template:Para to disable categorization; mainly used for documentation where the error is demonstrated. website: Title of website; may be wikilinked. Displays in italics. Aliases: work type: Provides additional information about the media type of the source. May alternatively be used to identify the type of manuscript linked to in the title, if this is not the final version of a manuscript (e.g. if a preprint of a manuscript is freely available, but the version of record is behind a paywall). Format in sentence case. Displays in parentheses following the title. Examples: Template:Xt, Template:Xt, Template:Xt, Template:Xt, Template:Xt. Alias: medium. language: A comma-separated list of the languages in which the source is written, as either the full language name or the ISO 639 language code , e.g. Template:Para or Template:Para. See the list of supported codes and names. Do not use templates or wikilinks. Displays in parentheses with "in" before the language name or names. When the only source language is English, no language is displayed in the citation; use of the parameter in this case is discouraged. The use of languages recognized by the citation module adds the page to the appropriate subcategory of Category:CS1 foreign language sources. Aliases: lang Date date: Date of source being referenced. Can be full date (day, month, and year) or partial date (month and year, season and year, or year). Use same format as other publication dates in the citations.Template:R Required when year is used to disambiguate Template:Tlx links to multiple-work citations by the same author in the same year.Template:Sup Do not wikilink. Displays after the authors and is enclosed in parentheses. If there is no author, then displays after publisher. Template:Hatnote inline For approximate year, precede with "c. ", like this: Template:Para. For no date, or "undated", use Template:Para Automatic date formatting: Citation Style 1 and 2 templates, including this template, automatically render dates in date parameters (Template:Para, Template:Para, Template:Para, etc.) in the style specified by the article's Template:Tlx or Template:Tlx template. See those templates' documentation for details. year: Year of source being referenced. Use of Template:Para is recommended unless Template:Em of the following conditions are met: The Template:Para format is YYYY-MM-DD. The citation requires a CITEREF disambiguator. The template uses Template:Para or Template:Para, or the template is Template:Tlx. orig-year: Original publication year; displays in square brackets after the date (or year). For clarity, please supply specifics. For example: Template:Para or Template:Para. Alias: origyear df: date format; sets rendered dates to the specified format; does not support date ranges or seasonal dates; overrides the automatic date formatting described above. Accepts one value which may be one of these: dmy – set publication dates to day month year format; access- and archive-dates are not modified; mdy – as above for month day, year format ymd – as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DD dmy-all – set publication, access-, and archive-dates to day month year format; mdy-all – as above for month day, year format ymd-all – as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DD Website work (required by Template:Tlx and Template:Tlx): Name of the work containing the source; may be wikilinked if relevant. Displays in italics. Aliases: journal, newspaper, magazine, periodical, website. Use Latin script. For languages written in non-Latin based scripts (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Indic, Japanese, Korean, etc.) use a standard Romanization in this field. script-work: Work title in its original, non-Latin script; not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in work. Must be prefixed with an ISO 639-1 two-character code to help browsers properly display the script. Leave empty for Latin-based scripts (Czech, French, Turkish, Vietnamese, etc.). Aliases: script-journal, script-newspaper, script-magazine, script-periodical, script-website. trans-work: English translation of the work title if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after work or script-work. Aliases: trans-journal, trans-newspaper, trans-magazine, trans-periodical, trans-website. When set, work changes the formatting of other parameters in the same citation: title is not italicized and is enclosed in quotes. chapter does not display (and will produce an error message). Publisher publisher: Name of publisher; may be wikilinked if relevant. The publisher is the Template:Em that publishes the work being cited. Do Template:Em use the publisher parameter for the name of a work (e.g. a website, book, encyclopedia, newspaper, magazine, journal, etc.). Corporate designations such as "Ltd", "Inc.", or "GmbH" are not usually included. Not normally used for periodicals. Omit where the publisher's name is substantially the same as the name of the work (for example, The New York Times Co. publishes The New York Times newspaper, so there is no reason to name the publisher). Displays after title. place: For news stories with a dateline, that is, the location where the story was written. In earlier versions of the template this was the publication place, and for compatibility, will be treated as the publication place if the publication-place parameter is absent; see that parameter for further information. Alias: location publication-place: Geographical place of publication; generally not wikilinked; omit when the name of the work includes the publication place; examples: The Boston Globe, The Times of India. Displays after the title. If only one of publication-place, place, or location is defined, it will be treated as the publication place and will show after the title; if publication-place and place or location are defined, then place or location is shown before the title prefixed with "written at" and publication-place is shown after the title. publication-date: Date of publication when different from the date the work was written. Displays only if year or date are defined and only if different, else publication-date is used and displayed as date. Use the same format as other dates in the article; do not wikilink. Follows publisher; if work is not defined, then publication-date is preceded by "published" and enclosed in parenthesis. via: Name of the content deliverer (if different from publisher). via is not a replacement for publisher, but provides additional detail. It may be used when the content deliverer presents the source in a format other than the original (e.g. NewsBank), when the URL provided does not make clear the identity of the deliverer, where no URL or DOI is available (EBSCO), or if the deliverer requests attribution. Template:Hatnote inline agency: The news agency (wire service) that provided the content (if different from the work and publisher); examples: Associated Press, Reuters, Agence France-Presse. May be wikilinked if relevant. Series series or version: When the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal where the issue numbering has restarted. In-source locations page: The number of a single page in the source that supports the content. Use either Template:Para or Template:Para, but not both. Displays preceded by p. unless Template:Para. If hyphenated, use Template:Tl to indicate this is intentional (e.g. Template:Para), otherwise several editors and semi-automated tools will assume this was a misuse of the parameter to indicate a page range and will convert Template:Para to Template:Para. OR: pages: A range of pages in the source that supports the content. Use either Template:Para or Template:Para, but not both. Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,); do not use to indicate the total number of pages in the source. Displays preceded by pp. unless Template:Para. Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, use double parentheses to tell the template to display the value of Template:Para without processing it, and use Template:Tl to indicate to editors that a hyphen is really intended: Template:Para. Alternatively, use Template:Para, like this: Template:Para. nopp: Set to y, yes, or true to suppress the p. or pp. notations where this is inappropriate; for example, where Template:Para or Template:Para. OR: at: For sources where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient. Overridden by Template:Para or Template:Para. Use only one of Template:Para, Template:Para, or Template:Para. Examples: page (p.) or pages (pp.); section (sec.), column (col.), paragraph (para.); track; hours, minutes and seconds; act, scene, canto, book, part, folio, stanza, back cover, liner notes, indicia, colophon, dust jacket, verse. URL url: URL of an online location where the text of the publication named by title can be found. Cannot be used if title is wikilinked. If applicable, the link may point to the specific page(s) referenced. Remove tracking parameters from URLs, e.g. #ixzz2rBr3aO94 or Template:Nowrap. Template:Hatnote inline Do not link to any commercial booksellers, such as Amazon.com; use Template:Para or Template:Para to provide neutral search links for books. Invalid URLs, including those containing spaces, will result in an error message. access-date: Full date when the content pointed to by url was last verified to support the text in the article; do not wikilink; requires url; use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations.Template:R Not required for linked documents that do not change. For example, access-date is required for online sources, such as personal websites, that do not have a publication date; see WP:CITEWEB. Access dates are not required for links to published research papers, published books, or news articles with publication dates. Note that access-date is the date that the URL was found to be working and to support the text being cited. See "Automatic date formatting" above for details about interaction with Template:Tlx and Template:Tlx. Can be hidden or styled by registered editors. Alias: accessdate. archive-url: The URL of an archived snapshot of a web page. Typically used to refer to services such as Internet Archive Template:Hatnote inline, WebCite Template:Hatnote inline and archive.is Template:Hatnote inline; requires archive-date and url. By default (overridden by Template:Para) the archived link is displayed first, with the original link at the end. Alias: archiveurl. archive-date: Archive-service snapshot-date; preceded in display by default text "archived from the original on". Use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations. This does not necessarily have to be the same format that was used for citing publication dates.Template:R Do not wikilink; templated dates are discouraged. See "Automatic date formatting" above for details about interaction with Template:Tlx and Template:Tlx. Alias: archivedate. url-status: this optional parameter is ignored if archive-url is not set. If omitted, or with null value, the default value is Template:Para. When the URL is still live, but pre-emptively archived, then set Template:Para; this changes the display order, with the title retaining the original link and the archive linked at the end. When the original URL has been usurped for the purposes of spam, advertising, or is otherwise unsuitable, setting Template:Para or Template:Para suppresses display of the original URL (but Template:Para and Template:Para are still required). template-doc-demo: The archive parameters will be error-checked to ensure that all the required parameters are included, or else Template:Tl is invoked. With errors, main, help and template pages are placed into one of the subcategories of Category:Articles with incorrect citation syntax. Set Template:Para to disable categorization; mainly used for documentation where the error is demonstrated. Alias: no-cat. format: Format of the work referred to by url; for example: PDF, DOC, or XLS; displayed in parentheses after title. (For media format, use type.) HTML is implied and should not be specified. Automatically added when a PDF icon is displayed. Does not change the external link icon. Note: External link icons do not include alt text; thus, they do not add format information for the visually impaired. Anchor ref: the citation's HTML anchor identifier. When set, Template:Para generates an anchor with the given ID (the id attribute in the citation's Template:Tag HTML tag). Setting Template:Para identifies the template as a target and allows wikilinking to full references, especially useful with short-form citations like shortened notes and parenthetical referencing. The special value Template:Para generates an anchor identifier suitable for use with Template:Tl and Template:Tl templates. For Template:Para Template:Para defaults to Template:Para. Template:Hatnote inline Identifiers id: A unique identifier, used where none of the specialized identifiers are applicable; wikilink or use a template as applicable. For example, Template:Para will append "NCJ 122967" at the end of the citation. You can use templates such as Template:Para to append Template:NCJ instead. These identifiers create links and are designed to accept a single value. Using multiple values or other text will break the link and/or invalidate the identifier. In general, the parameters should include only the variable part of the identifier, e.g. |rfc=822 or |pmc=345678. When an URL is equivalent to the link produced by the corresponding identifier (such as a DOI), don't add it to any URL parameter but use the appropriate identifier parameter, which is more stable and may allow to specify the access status. The Template:Para parameter or title link can then be used for its prime purpose of providing a convenience link to an open access copy which would not otherwise be obviously accessible. arxiv: arXiv identifier; for example: |arxiv=hep-th/9205027 (before April 2007) or |arxiv=0706.0001 (April 2007 – December 2014) or |arxiv=1501.00001 (since January 2015). Do not include extraneous file extensions like ".pdf" or ".html". asin: Amazon Standard Identification Number; if first character of asin value is a digit, use isbn. Because this link favours one specific distributor, include it only if standard identifiers are not available. Example |asin=B00005N5PF asin-tld: ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US; valid values: au, br, ca, cn, co.jp, co.uk, de, es, fr, it, mx bibcode: bibcode; used by a number of astronomical data systems; for example: 1974AJ.....79..819H. Comment: Techies are aware of the 2019 switch from old to new ADS URLs: the old URLs should continue working after October 2019 even though deprecated; see the April/May 2019 and June 2019 discussions. biorxiv: |bioRxiv id, a 6-digit number at the end of the biorXiv URL (e.g. 078733 for http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2016/10/01/078733 or https://dx.doi.org/10.1101/078733) citeseerx: |CiteSeerX id, a string of digits and dots found in a CiteSeerX URL (e.g. 10.1.1.176.341 for http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.176.341 ) doi: Digital object identifier; for example: 10.1038/news070508-7. It is checked to ensure it begins with (10.). doi-broken-date: Date the DOI was found to be non-working at https://dx.doi.org. Use the same format as other dates in the article. Alias: doi-inactive-date eissn: International Standard Serial Number for the electronic media of a serial publication; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen, but not an en dash or a space; example |eissn=1557-2986 Alias: EISSN hdl: Handle System identifier for digital objects and other resources on the Internet; example |hdl=20.1000/100 Alias: HDL isbn: International Standard Book Number; for example: 978-0-8126-9593-9. Template:Hatnote inline Hyphens in the ISBN are optional, but preferred. Use the ISBN actually printed on or in the book. Use the 13-digit ISBN – beginning with 978 or 979 – when it is available. If only a 10-digit ISBN is printed on or in the book, use it. ISBNs can be found on the page with the publisher's information – usually the back of the title page – or beneath the barcode as a number beginning with 978 or 979 (barcodes beginning with any other numbers are not ISBNs). For sources with the older 9-digit SBN system, prefix the number with a zero; thus, SBN 902888-45-5 should be entered as Template:Para. Do not convert a 10-digit ISBN to 13-digit by just adding the 978 prefix; the last digit is a calculated check digit and just making changes to the numbers will make the ISBN invalid. This parameter should hold only the ISBN without any additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens, with "X" permitted as the last character in a 10-digit ISBN – and the proper check digit. Alias: ISBN ignore-isbn-error: In very rare cases, actually used ISBNs (as printed on books) do not follow the standard checksum algorithm. In order to suppress the error message, the Template:Para parameter can be used to disable the checksum check in these cases. If the problem is down to a mere typographical error in a third-party source, correct the ISBN instead of overriding the error message. Alias: ignoreisbnerror ismn: International Standard Music Number; for example: 979-0-9016791-7-7. Hyphens or spaces in the ISMN are optional. Use the ISMN actually printed on or in the work. This parameter should hold only the ISMN without any additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens – and the proper check digit. Alias: ISMN issn: International Standard Serial Number; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen, but not an en dash or a space; example |issn=2049-3630 Alias: ISSN jfm: Template:Lang; example |jfm=53.0144.01 jstor: JSTOR reference number; for example: |jstor=3793107 will generate JSTOR 3793107. lccn: Library of Congress Control Number. When present, alphabetic prefix characters are to be lower case; example |lccn=2004042477 mr: Mathematical Reviews; example |mr=630583 oclc: OCLC; WorldCat's Online Computer Library Center; example |oclc=9355469 ol: Open Library identifier; do not include "OL" in the value; example |ol=7030731M osti: Office of Scientific and Technical Information; example |osti=4367507 pmc: PubMed Central; use article number for open repository full-text of a journal article, e.g. |pmc=345678. Do not include "PMC" in the value. Template:Hatnote inline embargo: Date that pmc goes live; if this date is in the future, then pmc is not linked until that date. pmid: PubMed; use unique identifier; example |pmid=17322060 Template:Hatnote inline rfc: Request for Comments; example |rfc=3143 ssrn: Social Science Research Network; example |ssrn=1900856 zbl: Template:Lang; example |zbl=0472.53010 For zbMATH search results like JFM 35.0387.02 use |jfm=35.0387.02 Quote quote: Relevant text quoted from the source. Displays enclosed in quotes. When supplied, the citation terminator (a period by default) is suppressed, so the quote must include terminating punctuation. Editors editor-last: surname of editor. Do not wikilink—use editor-link instead. Where the surname is usually written first—as in Chinese—or for corporate authors, simply use editor-last to include the same format as the source. Aliases: editor-last1, editor1-last, editor-surname, editor-surname1, editor1-surname, editor, editor1. editor: This parameter is used to hold the complete name of a single editor (first and last), or the name of an editorial committee. This parameter should never hold the names of more than one editor. editor-first: given or first names of editor, including title(s); example: Firstname Middlename or Firstname M. or Dr. Firstname M., Sr. Do not wikilink—use editor-link instead. Aliases: editor-first1, editor1-first, editor-given, editor-given1, editor1-given. OR: for multiple editors, use editor-last1, editor-first1 through editor-lastn, editor-firstn (Aliases: editorn-last, editor-surnamen or editorn-surname; editorn-first, editor-givenn or editorn-given; editorn). For an individual editor plus an institutional editor, you can use Template:ParaTemplate:Para Template:Para. editor-link: title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor—not the editor's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: editor-link1. OR: for multiple editors, use editor-link1 through editor-linkn (alias editorn-link). name-list-format: displays authors and editors in Vancouver style when set to vanc and when the list uses last/first parameters for the name list(s) veditors: comma separated list of editor names in Vancouver style; enclose corporate or institutional names in doubled parentheses: Template:Para editor-linkn and editor-maskn may be used for the individual names in Template:Para, as described above editors: free-form list of editor names; use of this parameter is discouraged; not an alias of editor-last Display: Use display-editors to control the length of the displayed editor name list and to specify when "et al." is included. If authors: Authors are first, followed by the included work, then "In" and the editors, then the main work. If no authors: Editors appear before the included work; a single editor is followed by "ed."; multiple editors are followed by "eds." Laysummary lay-url: URL link to a non-technical summary or review of the source; the URL title is set to "Lay summary". Aliases: Template:Xtd (deprecated), Template:Xtd (deprecated). lay-source: Name of the source of the laysummary. Displays in italics and preceded by an endash. Alias: laysource. lay-date: Date of the summary. Displays in parentheses. Alias: laydate. Display options mode: Sets element separator, default terminal punctuation, and certain capitalization according to the value provided. For Template:Para, element separator and terminal punctuation is a period (.); where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are capitalized ('Retrieved...'). For Template:Para, element separator is a comma (,); terminal punctuation is omitted; where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are not capitalized ('retrieved...'). To override default terminal punctuation use postscript. author-mask: Replaces the name of the first author with em dashes or text. Set author-mask to a numeric value n to set the dash n em spaces wide; set author-mask to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, "with". You must still include the values for all authors for metadata purposes. Primarily intended for use with bibliographies or bibliography styles where multiple works by a single author are listed sequentially such as Template:Sfnote. Do not use in a list generated by Template:Tlx, Template:Tag or similar as there is no control of the order in which references are displayed. You can also use editor-mask and translator-mask in the same way. Mask parameters can take a number in the name of the parameter (e.g. Template:Para) to specify which author the mask should apply to. display-authors: Controls the number of author names that are displayed when a citation is published. To change the displayed number of authors, set display-authors to the desired number. For example, Template:Para will display only the first two authors in a citation. By default, all authors are displayed. Template:Para displays all authors in the list followed by et al. Aliases: displayauthors. display-editors: Controls the number of editor names that are displayed when a citation is published. To change the displayed number of editors, set display-editors to the desired number. For example, Template:Para will display only the first two editors in a citation. By default, all editors are displayed. Template:Para displays all editors in the list followed by et al. Aliases: displayeditors. last-author-amp: Switches the separator between the last two names of the author list to space ampersand space ( & ) when set to y, yes, or true. Example: Template:Para postscript: Controls the closing punctuation for a citation; defaults to a period (.); for no terminating punctuation, specify Template:Para – leaving Template:Para empty is the same as omitting it, but is ambiguous. Additional text or templates beyond the terminating punctuation may generate an error message. Template:Para is ignored if quote is defined. Subscription or registration required Template:TrackedCitations of online sources that require registration or a subscription are acceptable in Wikipedia as documented in Verifiability § Access to sources. As a courtesy to readers and other editors, editors should signal the access restrictions of the external links included in a citation. Template:Lang: access icons do not display correctly for editors who use Modern skin. Four access levels can be used: access indicator for named identifiers: free: the source is free to read for anyone access indicators for url-holding parameters: registration: a free registration is required to access the source limited: there are other constraints (such as a cap on daily views) to freely access this source subscription: the source is only accessible via a paid subscription ("paywall") As there are often multiple external links with different access levels in the same citation, these values are attributed to a particular external link. Access indicators for url-holding parameters Sources linked by Template:Para, Template:Para, Template:Para, Template:Para, and Template:Para are presumed to be free-to-read. When they are not free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation. Because the sources linked by these url-holding parameters are presumed to be free-to-read, they may not be marked as free. url-holding and access-indicator parameters url access allowed keywords Template:Para Template:Para registration limited subscription Template:Para Template:Para Template:Para Template:Para Template:Para Template:Para Template:Para Template:Para Template:Para Template:Para Template:Para not currently defined; use its alias Template:Para Access indicator for named identifiers Links inserted by named identifiers are presumed to lie behind a paywall or registration barrier – exceptions listed below. When they are free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation. Because the sources linked by these named-identifier parameters are not presumed to be free-to-read, they may not be marked as limited, registration, or subscription. named-identifier and access-indicator parameters identifier access allowed keywords Template:Para Template:Para free Template:Para Template:Para Template:Para Template:Para Template:Para Template:Para Template:Para Template:Para Template:Para Template:Para Some named-identifiers are always free-to-read. For those named-identifiers there are no access-indicator parameters, the access level is automatically indicated by the template. These named identifiers are: Template:Para Template:Para Template:Para Template:Para Template:Para Template:Para TemplateData Formats a citation to a website using the provided information such as URL and title. Used only for sources that are not correctly described by the specific citation templates for books, journals, news sources, etc. Template parameters This template prefers inline formatting of parameters. Parameter Description Type Status URL url URL The URL of the online location where the text of the publication can be found. Requires schemes of the type "http://..." or maybe even the protocol relative scheme "//..." Example https://www.metacritic.com//... String required Title title The title of the source page on the website; will display with quotation marks added. Usually found at the top of your web browser. Not the name of the website. String required Last name last last1 author author1 author1-last author-last surname1 author-last1 subject1 surname author-last subject The surname of the author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors Line suggested First name first given author-first first1 given1 author-first1 author1-first Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors Line suggested Author link authorlink author-link subjectlink subject-link authorlink1 author-link1 author1-link subjectlink1 author1link subject-link1 subject1-link subject1link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors Page name optional Authors list authors people host credits List of authors as a free form list. Use of this parameter is discouraged, "lastn" to "firstn" are preferable. Warning: do not use if last or any of its aliases are used. String optional Last name 2 last2 author2 The surname of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink2'. Line optional First name 2 first2 Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second author; don't wikilink. Line optional Author link 2 authorlink2 author2-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second author. Page name optional Source date date Full date when the source was published; if unknown, use access-date instead; do not wikilink Date suggested Year of publication year Year of the source being referenced; deprecated in favor of 'date', except for the special case of ISO dates with CITEREF in CS2 or Harvard citations String optional Editor last name editor-last editor1-last editor editors The surname of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors. Line optional Editor first name editor-first editor1-first Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors; alias of 'editor1-first' Line optional Editor link editor-link editor1-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors Page name optional Editor last name 2 editor2-last editor2 The surname of the second editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor2-link'. Line optional Editor first name 2 editor2-first Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second editor; don't wikilink. Line optional Editor link 2 editor2-link editor2link editorlink2 Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second editor. Page name optional Name of the website website work Title (name) of the website (or its short URL if no plain-language title is discernible); may be wikilinked; will display in italics. Having both 'publisher' and 'website' is redundant in many cases. Example Rotten Tomatoes String suggested Series identifier series Series identifier when the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal String optional Publisher publisher Name of the publisher; may be wikilinked. Having both 'publisher' and 'website' (a.k.a. 'work') is redundant in many cases. Example "CBS Interactive", which owns "Metacritic.com" String optional Location of publication location Geographical place of publication; usually not wikilinked; omit when the publication name includes place; alias of 'place' String optional Page page Page in the source that supports the content; displays after 'p.' String optional Pages pages Pages in the source that support the content (not an indication of the number of pages in the source); displays after 'pp.' String optional At at May be used instead of 'page' or 'pages' where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient String optional Language language lang The language in which the source is written, if not English; use the full language name or one of the standard MediaWiki language codes; do not use icons or templates; separate multiple languages with commas (with no 'and' before the last one) Example de, fr, es String optional Script title script-title For titles in languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, etc). Prefix with two-character ISO639-1 language code followed by a colon. For Japanese use: |script-title=ja:... String optional Translated title trans-title An English language title, if the source cited is in a foreign language; 'language' is recommended String optional Type type Additional information about the media type of the source; format in sentence case String optional Format format Format of the work referred to by 'url'; examples: PDF, DOC, XLS; do not specify HTML String optional Others others Used to record other (non-author) contributions to the work, such as 'Illustrated by John Smith' or 'Translated by John Smith'. Only one ''others'' parameter is allowed: e.g., 'Illustrated by Jane Doe; Translated by John Smith' String optional Original year orig-year origyear Original year of publication; provide specifics String optional Place of publication publication-place Publication place shows after title; if 'place' or 'location' are also given, they are displayed before the title prefixed with 'written at' String optional Publication date publication-date Date of publication when different from the date the work was written; do not wikilink String optional Published via via Name of the entity hosting the original copy of the work, if different from the publisher. This entity is committed not to alter the work. GitHub, SourceForge, CodePlex, YouTube, Vimeo, Dailymotion and Netflix are examples of service dedicated to acting on behalf of the publisher, but Archive.org, Wikimedia Commons and grc.com have done this on certain occasions. Example "GitHub", which hosts "Visual Studio Code" on behalf of "Microsoft" String optional No pp nopp Set to 'y' to suppress the 'p.' or 'pp.' display with 'page' or 'pages' when inappropriate (such as 'Front cover') String optional arXiv identifier arxiv An identifier for arXive electronic preprints of scientific papers String optional ASIN asin Amazon Standard Identification Number; 10 characters String optional ASIN TLD asin-tld ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US String optional Bibcode bibcode Bibliographic Reference Code (REFCODE); 19 characters String optional biorXiv biorxiv biorXiv identifier; 6 digits Line optional CiteSeerX citeseerx CiteSeerX identifier; found after the 'doi=' query parameter Line optional DOI doi Digital Object Identifier; begins with '10.' String optional DOI broken date doi-broken-date The date that the DOI was determined to be broken String optional ISBN isbn International Standard Book Number; use the 13-digit ISBN where possible String optional ISSN issn International Standard Serial Number; 8 characters; may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen String optional jfm code jfm Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik classification code String optional JSTOR jstor JSTOR identifier String optional LCCN lccn Library of Congress Control Number String optional MR mr Mathematical Reviews identifier String optional OCLC oclc Online Computer Library Center number String optional OL ol Open Library identifier String optional OSTI osti Office of Scientific and Technical Information identifier String optional PMC pmc PubMed Center article number String optional PMID pmid PubMed Unique Identifier String optional RFC rfc Request for Comments number String optional SSRN ssrn Social Science Research Network String optional Zbl zbl Zentralblatt MATH journal identifier String optional id id A unique identifier used where none of the specialized ones are applicable String optional URL access level url-access Classification of the access restrictions on the URL ('registration', 'subscription' or 'limited') String optional URL status url-status If set to 'live', the title display is adjusted; useful for when the URL is archived preemptively but still live. Set to "dead" or 'usurped' for broken links. Entering 'unfit' or 'usurped' makes the original link not appear at all. Default 'dead' if an Archive URL is entered Example 'dead' or 'live' Auto value live String suggested Archive URL archive-url archiveurl The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if or in case the URL becomes unavailable; requires 'archive-date' String suggested Archive date archive-date archivedate Date when the original URL was archived; do not wikilink Date suggested Archive format archive-format Format of the archived copy; examples: PDF, DOC, XLS; do not specify HTML String optional URL access date access-date accessdate The full date when the original URL was accessed; do not wikilink Date suggested Quote quote Relevant text quoted from the source; displays last, enclosed in quotes; must include terminating punctuation String optional Ref ref An anchor identifier; can be made the target of wikilinks to full references; special value 'harv' generates an anchor suitable for the harv template String optional Postscript postscript The closing punctuation for the citation; ignored if 'quote' is defined Default . String optional Subscription required subscription Use 'url-access' instead String deprecated Registration required registration Use 'url-access' instead String deprecated Separator separator The punctuation used to separate lists of authors, editors, etc.; a space must be encoded as &#32; do not use an asterisk, colon, or hash mark Default . String optional Lay URL layurl URL link to a non-technical summary or review of the source; alias of 'laysummary' String optional Lay source laysource Name of the source of the laysummary; displays in italics, preceded by an en dash String optional Lay date laydate Date of the summary; displays in parentheses String optional Author mask author-mask Replaces the name of the first author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead String optional Last name 3 last3 author3 The surname of the third author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink3'. Line optional First name 3 first3 Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third author; don't wikilink. Line optional Author link 3 authorlink3 author3-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third author. Page name optional Last name 4 last4 author4 The surname of the fourth author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink4'. Line optional First name 4 first4 Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth author; don't wikilink. Line optional Author link 4 authorlink4 author4-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth author. Page name optional Last name 5 last5 author5 The surname of the fifth author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink5'. Line optional First name 5 first5 Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth author; don't wikilink. Line optional Author link 5 authorlink5 author5-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth author. Page name optional Last name 6 last6 author6 The surname of the sixth author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink6'. Line optional First name 6 first6 Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth author; don't wikilink. Line optional Author link 6 authorlink6 author6-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth author. Page name optional Last name 7 last7 author7 The surname of the seventh author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink7'. Line optional First name 7 first7 Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh author; don't wikilink. Line optional Author link 7 authorlink7 author7-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh author. Page name optional Last name 8 last8 author8 The surname of the eighth author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink8'. Line optional First name 8 first8 Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth author; don't wikilink. Line optional Author link 8 authorlink8 author8-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth author. Page name optional Last name 9 last9 author9 The surname of the ninth author; don't wikilink, use 'authorlink9'. If nine authors are defined, then only eight will show and 'et al.' will show in place of the last author. Line optional First name 9 first9 Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth author; don't wikilink. Line optional Author link 9 authorlink9 author9-link Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth author. Page name optional Author name separator author-name-separator Changes the separator between last and first names; defaults to a comma and space; a space must be encoded as &#32; do not use an asterisk, colon, or hash mark Default , String optional Author separator author-separator Changes the separator between authors; defaults to a semicolon and space; a space must be encoded as &#32; do not use an asterisk, colon, or hash mark Default ; String optional Display authors display-authors displayauthors Number of authors to display before 'et al.' is used. By default, all authors are displayed. Examples: |display-authors=2 will display only the first two authors in a citation followed by et al. |display-authors=etal displays all authors in the list followed by et al. String optional Last author ampersand last-author-amp lastauthoramp When set to any value, changes the separator between the last two names of the author list to 'space ampersand space' String optional Editor last name 3 editor3-last editor3 The surname of the third editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor3-link'. Line optional Editor first name 3 editor3-first Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third editor; don't wikilink. Line optional Editor link 3 editor3-link editor3link editorlink3 Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third editor. Page name optional Editor last name 4 editor4-last editor4 The surname of the fourth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor4-link'. Line optional Editor first name 4 editor4-first Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth editor; don't wikilink. Line optional Editor link 4 editor4-link editor4link editorlink4 Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth editor. Page name optional Editor last name 5 editor5-last editor5 The surname of the fifth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor5-link'. Line optional Editor first name 5 editor5-first Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth editor; don't wikilink. Line optional Editor link 5 editor5-link editor5link editorlink5 Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth editor. Page name optional Editor last name 6 editor6-last editor6 The surname of the sixth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor6-link'. Line optional Editor first name 6 editor6-first Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth editor; don't wikilink. Line optional Editor link 6 editor6-link editor6link editorlink6 Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth editor. Page name optional Editor last name 7 editor7-last editor7 The surname of the seventh editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor7-link'. Line optional Editor first name 7 editor7-first Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh editor; don't wikilink. Line optional Editor link 7 editor7-link editor7link editorlink7 Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh editor. Page name optional Editor last name 8 editor8-last editor8 The surname of the eighth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor8-link'. Line optional Editor first name 8 editor8-first Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth editor; don't wikilink. Line optional Editor link 8 editor8-link editor8link editorlink8 Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth editor. Page name optional Editor last name 9 editor9-last editor9 The surname of the ninth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor9-link'. Line optional Editor first name 9 editor9-first Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth editor; don't wikilink. Line optional Editor link 9 editor9-link editor9link editorlink9 Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth editor. Page name optional Edition edition Specify the edition or revision of the source, when applicable. For example: '2nd' or '5.1'. What you supply here is suffixed by ' ed.' String optional Bibcode access level bibcode-access If the full text is available from ADS via this Bibcode, type 'free'. String optional DOI access level doi-access If the full text is free to read via the DOI, type 'free'. String optional HDL access level hdl-access If the full text is free to read via the HDL, type 'free'. String optional Jstor access level jstor-access If the full text is free to read on Jstor, type 'free'. String optional OpenLibrary access level ol-access If the full text is free to read on OpenLibrary, type 'free'. String optional OSTI access level osti-access If the full text is free to read on OSTI, type 'free'. String optional See also