Agriculture

''This page is about the intersection of agriculture and machine learning in the context of climate change mitigation. For an overview of agriculture as a whole, please see the Wikipedia page on this topic.''

As described in the paper "Tackling Climate Change with Machine Learning" : Agriculture is responsible for about 14% of GHG emissions. This might come as a surprise, since plants take up CO2 from the air. However, modern industrial agriculture involves more than just growing plants. First, the land is stripped of trees, releasing carbon sequestered there. Second, the process of tilling exposes topsoil to the air, thereby releasing carbon that had been bound in soil aggregates and disrupting organisms in the soil that contribute to sequestration. Finally, because such farming practices strip soil of nutrients, nitrogen-based fertilizers must be added back to the system. Synthesizing these fertilizers consumes massive amounts of energy, about 2% of global energy consumption. Moreover, while some of this nitrogen is absorbed by plants or retained in the soil, some is converted to nitrous oxide, a greenhouse gas that is about 300 times more potent than CO2.

Such industrial agriculture approaches are ultimately based on making farmland more uniform and predictable. This allows it to be managed at scale using basic automation tools like tractors, but can be both more destructive and less productive than approaches that work with the natural heterogeneity of land and crops. Increasingly, there is demand for sophisticated tools which would allow farmers to work at scale, but adapt to what the land needs. This approach is often known as “precision agriculture.”

Machine Learning Application Areas

 * Precision agriculture: Typical industrial agriculture releases CO2 into the atmosphere by disrupting natural soil chemistry and biodiversity, and also requires chemicals that are emissions-intensive both to produce and to use. ML can help monitor emissions; reduce the need for chemicals by pinpointing pests, diseases, and weeds; and change agricultural paradigms by controlling physical robots.
 * Food security: By affecting rainfall and the timing of growing seasons, climate change poses a risk to food security. Machine learning can support information gathering around food supply chains, providing early warnings about -- and triggering preventative action around -- famines.
 * Monitoring agricultural emissions: Agriculture is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions via methane (in particular from cattle farming) and nitrous oxide (from fertilizer), in addition to carbon dioxide from soil carbon breakdown. Machine learning can help track agricultural emissions directly, in addition to monitoring crop cover and livestock to help assess emissions potential.

Background Readings

 * Characterizing agricultural drought in the Karamoja subregion of Uganda with meteorological and satellite-based indices
 * Remote Sensing Techniques for Soil Organic Carbon Estimation: A Review

Online Courses and Course Materials

 * CGIAR-Platform for Big Data in Agriculture: A series of webinars for data management and data mining related to crop improvement and food security. Website here.
 * Geocomputation with R: An open source book for geographic data analysis using R. Website here.

Journals

 * Computers and Electronics in Agriculture: International journal covering computer hardware and software for solving problems in agriculture, agronomy and horticulture. Website here.
 * Precision Agriculture: International Journal on Advances in Precision Agriculture. Website here.
 * Remote Sensing in Agriculture and Vegetation: Open-access journal focusing on remote sensing with special issues related to agricultural applications. Website here.

Workshops

 * ICLR 2020 Workshop on Computer Vision for Agriculture: Exposes the progress and unsolved problems of computational agriculture to the AI research community. Website here.
 * CVPR 2020/2021 Workshop and Prize Challenge on Agriculture-Vision: Present recent progress on computer vision research for tackling impactful challenges in agriculture. Website here.

Professional Organizations and Conferences

 * ISPA: International Society of Precision Agriculture. Website here.
 * ECPA 2021: European Conference on Precision Agriculture. Website here.
 * ASABE: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. Website here.
 * ASABE AIM 2021: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Annual International Meeting. Website here.
 * GRSS-IEEE: The IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society. Website here.
 * IGARSS 2021: International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Website here.
 * ICGIRSA 2021: International Conference on GIS and Remote Sensing in Agriculture. Website here.
 * DAGM: The German Association for Pattern Recognition. Website here.
 * DAGM GCPR 2021: DAGM German Conference on Pattern Recognition. Website here.
 * SPIE: The International Society for Optics and Photonics. Website here.
 * SPIE conference: SPIE conference on Autonomous Air and Ground Sensing Systems for Agricultural Optimization and Phenotyping. Website here.
 * WorldAgri-Tech Innovation Summit 2021: International summit for agri-business networking. Website here.

Groups and Labs

 * Australian Centre for Field Robotics: Robotic institute focusing on autonomous robots that can work in outdoor environment. Website here.

Library and Tools
Some packages for working with remote sensing data are,


 * eo-learn: A python package maintained by the European Space Agency, giving easy access to imagery from Sentinel satellites, as well as utilities for data processing. Github, medium-post.
 * RSCD: A MATLAB toolbox for remote sensing change detection. Github.
 * geemap: A Python package for interactive mapping with Google Earth Engine. Github, website.
 * A list of Python and R codes and different resources for geospatial analysis and EO data. Github.
 * An updated list of geospatial analysis tools. Github.

Remote sensing
Remote Sensing Datasets offers great opportunity to monitor agriculture and can be georeferenced to match ground measurements. In particular, Google earth engine offers a convenient interface over freely available satellite imagery such as Landsat and Sentinel.

Remote Crop Identification

 * Agriculture-Vision: A Large Aerial Image Database for Agricultural Pattern Analysis: A dataset composed of 94,986 aerial images from 3,432 farmlands across the United States. The images contains RGB channels and Near-infrared at a resolution of 10 cm per pixel. Dataset, and paper describing the dataset.
 * LandCoverNet: A multispectral satellite imagery dataset acquired from Sentinel-2 and can be used for land cover classification. The dataset was created by the Radiant Earth Foundation. Dataset and documentation.
 * CropHarvest: The CropHarvest dataset, compiled by researchers affiliated with NASA Harvest, provides a unified global dataset, API, and benchmarks for ML methods in crop-type mapping.

Kaggle datasets

 * Plant Seedlings Dataset
 * Agriculture crop images
 * Global Food & Agriculture Statistics
 * Weed Detection in Soybean Crops
 * crop and weed detection data with bounding boxes
 * DeepWeedsX
 * California Crop Mapping - 2014