Negative Emissions Technologies

''This page is about the intersection of negative emissions technologies and machine learning in the context of climate change mitigation. For an overview of carbon dioxide removal as a whole, please see the Wikipedia page on this topic.''

Even if we could cut emissions to zero today, we would still face significant climate consequences from greenhouse gases already in the atmosphere. Eliminating emissions entirely may also be tricky, given the sheer diversity of sources (such as airplanes and cows). Instead, many experts argue that to meet critical climate goals, global emissions must become net-negative—that is, we must remove more CO2 from the atmosphere than we release. Although there has been significant progress in negative emissions research  , the actual CO2 removal industry is still in its infancy. As such, many of the ML applications we outline in this section are either speculative or in the early stages of development or commercialization.

Some of the most commonly known negative emissions technologies include nature-based solutions such as afforestation (growing more trees and storing carbon in this biomass) and regenerative farming practices as well as highly engineered technologies such as direct air capture (DAC) with sequestration of the captured CO2 in underground geologic formations. Another commonly discussed negative emissions technology is biomass combustion with carbon capture and sequestration, described further in Electricity Systems.

Machine Learning Application Areas
Direct air capture: Many DAC technologies are in early stages of commercialization. The underlying chemical processes are fairly well understood and the design of these systems generally does not require machine learning.

One potentially promising ML application for DAC is accelerated materials discovery of new chemical sorbents that either bind to atmospheric CO2 with either greater selectivity or have lower energy input requirements.

Sequestering CO2: For carbon capture and sequestration to be effective, it must sequester CO2 for hundreds or thousands of years. Thus, understanding the long-term migration of sequestered CO2, particularly in underground saline reservoir formations but also in basalts, is of critical importance. Machine learning can help speed up computationally intensive reservoir simulation models by orders of magnitude, accelerating the speed at which scientists can answer key questions.

Machine learning may be able to help with many aspects of CO2 sequestration. First, ML can help identify and characterize potential storage locations. Oil and gas companies have had promising results using ML for subsurface imaging based on raw seismograph traces. These models and the data behind them could likely be repurposed to help trap CO2 rather than release it. Second, ML can help monitor and maintain active sequestration sites. Noisy sensor measurements must be translated into inferences about subsurface CO2 flow and remaining injection capacity ; recently, found success using convolutional image-to-image regression techniques for uncertainty quantification in a global CO2 storage simulation study. Additionally, it is important to monitor for CO2 leaks. ML techniques have recently been applied to monitoring potential CO2 leaks from wells ; computer vision approaches for emissions detection (see and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Detection) may also be applicable.

Background Readings

 * Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration: A Research Agenda.


 * Direct Air Capture of Carbon Dioxide: ICEF Roadmap 2018

Online Courses and Course Materials

 * Introduction to CO2 sequestration for negative emissions, lecture by Sally Benson at the International Conference on Negative CO2 Emissions [link]

Community

 * Carbon 180 [link]