Climate Change Adaptation: Difference between revisions

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''This page is about the intersection of climate change adaptation and machine learning. For an overview of climate change adaptation as a whole, please see the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation Wikipedia page] on this topic.''[[File:Societal-adaptation.png|thumb|A summary of the different domains within which machine learning can support climate adaptation. Figure from "Tackling Climate Change with Machine Learning."<ref name=":0">Rolnick, David; Donti, Priya L.; Kaack, Lynn H.; Kochanski, Kelly; Lacoste, Alexandre; Sankaran, Kris; Ross, Andrew Slavin; Milojevic-Dupont, Nikola; Jaques, Natasha; Waldman-Brown, Anna; Luccioni, Alexandra (2019-11-05). [http://arxiv.org/abs/1906.05433 "Tackling Climate Change with Machine Learning"]. ''arXiv:1906.05433 [cs, stat].''</ref>]]
[[File:Societal-adaptation.png|thumb|A summary of the different domains within which machine learning can support climate adaptation.]]
Climate change adaptation refers to changes that can increase the resilience and robustness of earth and social systems. A system is resilient if it can gracefully recover from climate impacts, and it is robust if it has the impacts themselves are minimal.
Changes in the atmosphere have impacts on the ground. The expected societal impacts of climate change include prolonged ecological and socioeconomic stresses as well as brief, but severe, societal disruptions. For example, impacts could include both gradual decreases in crop yield and localized food shortages. If we can anticipate climate impacts well enough, then we can prepare for them by asking:

* How do we reduce vulnerability to climate impacts?
* How do we support rapid recovery from climate-induced disruptions?

A wide variety of strategies have been put forward, from robust power grids to food shortage prediction, and while this is good news for society, it can be overwhelming for an ML practitioner hoping to contribute. Fortunately, a few critical needs tend to recur across strategies – it is by meeting these needs that machine learning has the greatest potential to support societal adaptation. From a high level, these involve


Three ways that machine learning can support adaptation are highlighted in the paper "Tackling Climate Change with Machine Learning,"<ref name=":0" /><blockquote>
* Sounding alarms: Identifying and prioritizing the areas of highest risk, by using evidence of risk from historical data.
* Sounding alarms: Identifying and prioritizing the areas of highest risk, by using evidence of risk from historical data.
* Providing annotation: Extracting actionable information or labels from unstructured raw data.
* Providing annotation: Extracting actionable information or labels from unstructured raw data.
* Promoting exchange: Making it easier to share resources and information to pool and reduce risk.
* Promoting exchange: Making it easier to share resources and information to pool and reduce risk.
</blockquote>


== Machine Learning Application Areas ==
== Machine Learning Application Areas ==

=== Infrastructure ===

*'''[[Predictive Maintenance|Predictive maintenance]]''': The increased weather extremes associated with climate change can create increased stresses on physical infrastructure, like roads and power lines. Machine learning can support targeted, just-in-time maintenance by isolating components at risk of near-term failure.
*'''Risk and vulnerability assessment''': Better knowledge of where and on what time scale impacts will be felt can support prioritization of resources for societal adaptation.

===Societal Systems===

*'''[[Food Security|Food security]]''': By affecting rainfall and the timing of growing seasons, climate change poses a risk to food security. Machine learning can support information gathering around food supply chains, providing early warnings about -- and triggering preventative action around -- famines.
*'''Public health''': Climate change can increase the range of vector-borne disease and exacerbate the severity and frequency of heatwaves. Both pose public health hazards, and machine learning can support risk assessment and outreach to vulnerable populations.

=== Crisis ===

*'''Annotating disaster maps''': During crisis situations, relief organizations rely on detailed maps -- these are often the most reliable sources of information about the locations of schools, hospitals, and highways, for example. Machine learning can accelerate what are otherwise manual mapping processes.
*'''Delivering alerts''': Machine learning can support situational awareness during crises, distilling large volumes of raw information (e.g., from social media or weather forecasts) into forms that can guide action.


== Background Readings ==
== Background Readings ==


=== Primers ===
⚫
* Quinn, J. et al. Computational sustainability and artificial intelligence in the developing world<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Quinn|first=John|last2=Frias-Martinez|first2=Vanessa|last3=Subramanian|first3=Lakshminarayan|date=2014-09-29|title=Computational Sustainability and Artificial Intelligence in the Developing World|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v35i3.2529|journal=AI Magazine|volume=35|issue=3|pages=36|doi=10.1609/aimag.v35i3.2529|issn=0738-4602}}</ref> (2014).

⚫
* Gomes, C. et al., Computational sustainability: Computing for a better world and a sustainable future.<ref>{{Citation|last=Schneider|first=Sabrina|title=The Impacts of Digital Technologies on Innovating for Sustainability|date=2019|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97385-2_22|work=Palgrave Studies in Sustainable Business In Association with Future Earth|pages=415–433|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=978-3-319-97384-5|access-date=2020-08-28}}</ref> (2019)
*'''Chapter 20: "Adaptation Planning and Implementation" in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (2014)'''<ref>Abeysinghe A, Denton F, Bhadwal S, Burton I, Gao Q, Leal W, Lemos MF, Masui T, O'brien K, Van Ypersele JP, Warner K, and Wilbanks T, Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151 pp. 2014</ref>: An overview of current understanding on climate impacts and risks.
* Agrawal, A., and Perrin, N. Climate adaptation, local institutions and rural livelihoods. (2009)
⚫
*'''Computational sustainability and artificial intelligence in the developing world (2014)'''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Quinn|first=John|last2=Frias-Martinez|first2=Vanessa|last3=Subramanian|first3=Lakshminarayan|date=2014-09-29|title=Computational Sustainability and Artificial Intelligence in the Developing World|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v35i3.2529|journal=AI Magazine|volume=35|issue=3|pages=36|doi=10.1609/aimag.v35i3.2529|issn=0738-4602}}</ref>: A review describing the use of machine learning in problems related to health, food security, and mobility in the developing world.
* Shi, L. et al. Roadmap towards justice in urban climate adaptation research. (2016)
⚫
*'''Computational sustainability: Computing for a better world and a sustainable future (2019)'''<ref>{{Citation|last=Schneider|first=Sabrina|title=The Impacts of Digital Technologies on Innovating for Sustainability|date=2019|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97385-2_22|work=Palgrave Studies in Sustainable Business In Association with Future Earth|pages=415–433|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=978-3-319-97384-5|access-date=2020-08-28}}</ref>: An overview of the goals and techniques used in the field of computational sustainability.


== Online Courses and Course Materials ==
== Online Courses and Course Materials ==


== Conferences, Journals, and Professional Organizations ==
== Community ==


=== Journals and conferences ===
=== Major conferences ===


* '''ACM Compass''': An annual conference focused on computing for sustainable societies. Website [https://acmcompass.org/ here].
*[https://channels.plos.org/rtcc PLOS Responding to Climate Change]
*[https://acmcompass.org/ ACM Compass]
*[https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/AI/2018/Pages/default.aspx AI for Good Global Summit]
*[https://www.thelancet.com/climate-and-health Lancet Health and Climate Change]


* '''AI for Good Global Summit''': An annual conference organized by the UN ITU. Website [https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/AI/2018/Pages/default.aspx here].
⚫
=== Societies and organizations ===


=== Past and upcoming events ===
=== Major journals ===

*'''PLOS Responding to Climate Change''': A channel from the open access journal PLOS dedicated to responses to climate change. Journal website [https://channels.plos.org/rtcc here].
*'''Lancet Health and Climate Change''': An initiative by the journal Lancet disseminating research on climate change and public health. Journal website [https://www.thelancet.com/climate-and-health here].

⚫
=== Societies and organizations ===


== Libraries and Tools ==
== Libraries and Tools ==
{{SectionStub}}


== Data ==
== Data ==
Satellite imagery are used for ecological and social observation. Some public sources include,
Satellite imagery are used for ecological and social observation. Some public sources include,


* [https://github.com/chrieke/awesome-satellite-imagery-datasets awesome-satellite-imagery-datasets]: A github repository of accessible satellite imagery data.
* [https://github.com/chrieke/awesome-satellite-imagery-datasets '''awesome-satellite-imagery-datasets''']: A github repository of accessible satellite imagery data.
* [https://github.com/cloudtostreet/MODIS_GlobalFloodDatabase '''Global Flood Database''']: A github repository that includes code and supporting data for the Global Flood Database.
*


There have also been competitions revolving around climate change adaptation issues,
There have also been competitions revolving around climate change adaptation issues,


* [https://app.wandb.ai/wandb/droughtwatch/benchmark DroughtWatch] revolves around drought monitoring in Kenya.
* [https://app.wandb.ai/wandb/droughtwatch/benchmark '''DroughtWatch''']: Prediction for drought monitoring in Kenya.
* [https://www.drivendata.co/case-studies/promoting-digital-financial-services-in-tanzania/ Promoting Digital Financial Services in Tanzania] describes an attempt to mobile money effort to improve financial inclusion and resilience.
* [https://www.drivendata.co/case-studies/promoting-digital-financial-services-in-tanzania/ '''Promoting Digital Financial Services in Tanzania''']: Improving efficiency of money services for improvement of financial inclusion and resilience.
* The [https://zindi.africa/competitions/ibm-malaria-challenge IBM Malaria Challenge] is a competition around Improved disease surveillance and response, which is motivated by the spread of vector borne disease resulting from climate change.
*[https://zindi.africa/competitions/ibm-malaria-challenge '''IBM Malaria Challenge''']: Machine learning disease surveillance and response, which is motivated by the spread of vector borne disease resulting from climate change.

This competition describes an attempt to use mobile money effort to improve financial inclusion and resilience.


Improved disease surveillance and response is an important part of adaptation – here is one competition with this goal in mind.
Improved disease surveillance and response is an important part of adaptation – here is one competition with this goal in mind.
Line 55: Line 69:
== References ==
== References ==


[[category:Application areas]]
[[category:Problem_domains]]

Latest revision as of 14:40, 26 August 2021

This page is about the intersection of climate change adaptation and machine learning. For an overview of climate change adaptation as a whole, please see the Wikipedia page on this topic.

A summary of the different domains within which machine learning can support climate adaptation. Figure from "Tackling Climate Change with Machine Learning."[1]

Climate change adaptation refers to changes that can increase the resilience and robustness of earth and social systems. A system is resilient if it can gracefully recover from climate impacts, and it is robust if it has the impacts themselves are minimal.

Three ways that machine learning can support adaptation are highlighted in the paper "Tackling Climate Change with Machine Learning,"[1]

  • Sounding alarms: Identifying and prioritizing the areas of highest risk, by using evidence of risk from historical data.
  • Providing annotation: Extracting actionable information or labels from unstructured raw data.
  • Promoting exchange: Making it easier to share resources and information to pool and reduce risk.

Machine Learning Application Areas[edit | edit source]

Infrastructure[edit | edit source]

  • Predictive maintenance: The increased weather extremes associated with climate change can create increased stresses on physical infrastructure, like roads and power lines. Machine learning can support targeted, just-in-time maintenance by isolating components at risk of near-term failure.
  • Risk and vulnerability assessment: Better knowledge of where and on what time scale impacts will be felt can support prioritization of resources for societal adaptation.

Societal Systems[edit | edit source]

  • Food security: By affecting rainfall and the timing of growing seasons, climate change poses a risk to food security. Machine learning can support information gathering around food supply chains, providing early warnings about -- and triggering preventative action around -- famines.
  • Public health: Climate change can increase the range of vector-borne disease and exacerbate the severity and frequency of heatwaves. Both pose public health hazards, and machine learning can support risk assessment and outreach to vulnerable populations.

Crisis[edit | edit source]

  • Annotating disaster maps: During crisis situations, relief organizations rely on detailed maps -- these are often the most reliable sources of information about the locations of schools, hospitals, and highways, for example. Machine learning can accelerate what are otherwise manual mapping processes.
  • Delivering alerts: Machine learning can support situational awareness during crises, distilling large volumes of raw information (e.g., from social media or weather forecasts) into forms that can guide action.

Background Readings[edit | edit source]

Primers[edit | edit source]

  • Chapter 20: "Adaptation Planning and Implementation" in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (2014)[2]: An overview of current understanding on climate impacts and risks.
  • Computational sustainability and artificial intelligence in the developing world (2014)[3]: A review describing the use of machine learning in problems related to health, food security, and mobility in the developing world.
  • Computational sustainability: Computing for a better world and a sustainable future (2019)[4]: An overview of the goals and techniques used in the field of computational sustainability.

Online Courses and Course Materials[edit | edit source]

Conferences, Journals, and Professional Organizations[edit | edit source]

Major conferences[edit | edit source]

  • ACM Compass: An annual conference focused on computing for sustainable societies. Website here.
  • AI for Good Global Summit: An annual conference organized by the UN ITU. Website here.

Major journals[edit | edit source]

  • PLOS Responding to Climate Change: A channel from the open access journal PLOS dedicated to responses to climate change. Journal website here.
  • Lancet Health and Climate Change: An initiative by the journal Lancet disseminating research on climate change and public health. Journal website here.

Societies and organizations[edit | edit source]

Libraries and Tools[edit | edit source]

🌎 This section is currently a stub. You can help by adding resources, as well as 1-2 sentences of context for each resource.

Data[edit | edit source]

Satellite imagery are used for ecological and social observation. Some public sources include,

There have also been competitions revolving around climate change adaptation issues,

Improved disease surveillance and response is an important part of adaptation – here is one competition with this goal in mind.

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Rolnick, David; Donti, Priya L.; Kaack, Lynn H.; Kochanski, Kelly; Lacoste, Alexandre; Sankaran, Kris; Ross, Andrew Slavin; Milojevic-Dupont, Nikola; Jaques, Natasha; Waldman-Brown, Anna; Luccioni, Alexandra (2019-11-05). "Tackling Climate Change with Machine Learning". arXiv:1906.05433 [cs, stat].
  2. ↑ Abeysinghe A, Denton F, Bhadwal S, Burton I, Gao Q, Leal W, Lemos MF, Masui T, O'brien K, Van Ypersele JP, Warner K, and Wilbanks T, Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151 pp. 2014
  3. ↑ Quinn, John; Frias-Martinez, Vanessa; Subramanian, Lakshminarayan (2014-09-29). "Computational Sustainability and Artificial Intelligence in the Developing World". AI Magazine. 35 (3): 36. doi:10.1609/aimag.v35i3.2529. ISSN 0738-4602.
  4. ↑ Schneider, Sabrina (2019), "The Impacts of Digital Technologies on Innovating for Sustainability", Palgrave Studies in Sustainable Business In Association with Future Earth, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 415–433, ISBN 978-3-319-97384-5, retrieved 2020-08-28
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